relative measurement of heavy elements in the bile, gallbladder and gallstone

abstract  background: pixe (particle induced x-ray emission) is a suitable method for the analysis of biological samples in which heavy trace elements are contained in light matrix elements. it is very important to know which factors or probably elements act as initial seed and lead to growing the sands. the goal of this study was to compare the relative values of fe/k, cu/k and zn/k for gallstones, gallbladder, and bile of a specific patient for studying the origination of forming the gallstones.   material and methods: human gallbladder, bile, and gallstone samples were obtained by surgical operation from 15 patients and are bombarded by 2.0 mev energy proton beams produced by van de graff accelerator in vacuum. all the gallstones were chosen of pigment type of stones and, all the patients were adults. in contrast with conventional methods, the shell and center of the sands has been analyzed separately. the pixe spectrum analysis was performed using the nonlinear least square fitting code axil and gupix.   results: the results of detected minor and trace elements shows that the precipitation of calcium salt in the bile lead to reduction of crystals’ formation. elemental comparison of pigment type of gallstone and bile shows that the concentration of calcium in the shell of the stones is four times more than that in the bile.   conclusion: precipitation of the calcium from the saturated bile on the cholesterols as a seed of gallstones led to reduced sands formation. analysis of the gallbladder of the same patients revealed no relation between elemental concentrations of bile and gallstones.